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英语中有三种从句,即名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
我们之前分享过名词从句和定语从句的内容:
实质性条款
主要包括四大类(请戳下方标题查看相关具体内容):
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
定语从句
可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。详情请参考(请戳以下标题查看相关详情):
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法(1)
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法(2)
一站式掌握英语定语从句的用法(3)
接下来继续分享状语从句的用法。
一.定义
顾名思义,状语从句是指句子中的状语本来是由一个词或短语充当的,但当状语被一个句子充当时,充当状语从句的句子就叫做状语从句。比如:
He left the party at eight.
He left the party when it was eight.
第一句中的八点是时间状语,由短语充当。
第二句中的When it was eight也是一个时间状语,但它是由一个句子充当的,这就叫时间状语从句。
第二,分类
英语中的状语有九种,分别是:时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、比较、方式、让步。英语中的状语从句也包括这九种,接下来我们将逐一梳理这九种从句的用法。应该注意的是,
状语从句的研究,其实就是关于连接这些状语从句的状语连词的研究。
第三,时间状语从句
经常连接时间状语从句的连词有:
when, while, as;
before, after;
as soon as, hardly.when. no sooner.than.
till, until;
since;
By, by and by the end of 2005.
(a) when、while和as的用法
三个都表示“当……”,应该指出的是:
1.当要描述的动作或状态当前发生时。
1)when应采用“主随现在”原则,即主句谓语动词采用一般将来时,从句谓语动词采用一般现在时。比如:
When he comes, I will tell him the good news.
需要注意的是,此时的从句谓语动词虽然用的是一般现在时,但实际上表示的是将来。上面的句子他来了,但他还没来。
此外,主句也可能是祈使句或含有情态动词的句子。比如:
When he comes, please tell him the good news.
When he comes, you can tell him the good news.
2)2)as的用法与when类似,但其主句谓语动词也可以用一般现在时。比如:
When she felt saliva dripping on her hands, a sudden wave of fear hit her whole body. When she feels the saliva dripping on her hands,
3)while所在句子主句中的谓语动词一般用现在进行时。比如:
While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.
2.当要描述的动作或状态发生在过去时。
1)when的从句谓语动词一般用过去时,主句谓语动词用过去进行时或过去式。比如:
When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.
But when I returned the door was open.
需要注意的是,when可能还表示“此时此刻”。比如:
我正在公园里散步,这时一个小孩撞到了我。(我正在公园里散步,一个小孩撞到了我的怀里。)
2)as的用法与while类似,即as和while所在句子中的谓语动词一般为过去进行时,而另一个句子中的谓语动词一般为过去进行时或一般过去时。比如:
As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.
As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.
(B)使用前后
Before的意思是“之前”,after的意思是“之后”。注意要描述的动作或状态是基于现在的时间还是过去的时间。
1.基于当前时间
此时其用法基本遵循时间状语从句的“主语必随现在”原则,即从句前或后的谓语动词采用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词采用一般将来时。比如:
Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.
After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.
2.基于过去的时间
这时,前从句的谓语动词要用一般过去时,主从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时,后从句的谓语动词要用一般过去时。比如:
Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.
After she had arrived home, it began to rain.
(C )"一俟."一语
英语中常用来表达“尽快……”的结构主要包括:一、哈代.当.的时候.不会很快.比.
Once
既可以用在现在,也可以用在过去。用在当下时,遵循“主随当下”的原则;当用于过去式时,where as only located从句的谓语动词采用一般过去时。
主句谓语动词采用一般过去时或过去完成时(如果要强调主句谓语动作的连续性,就用一般过去时)。比如:
Now that she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.
As soon as he got to the station, the train left.
There is almost nothing like . when . and once . immediately .
这两个句型都表示“一旦……”,它们的用法也差不多,就是when和than用一般过去时做从句的谓语动词,用过去完成时做主句的谓语动词。比如:
He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.
He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.
需要注意的是,hardly有时可以换成scarcely或rarely或barely。
3、特殊表达
英语中用来表达“一.就.”的结构还有:the moment/instant/minute/second.immediately/instantly/directly.at/on等。
如:
He came directly I called.
The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.
On hearing the news, he burst into cries.
(四)till和until
都表示“直到.时候”,两者一般可以相互替换,但till多用于肯定句,until多用于否定句。如:
She will stay in the office till he comes back.
She won't leave the office until he comes back.
需要注意的是,until常与not搭配使用,而且会用在强调句中。如:
He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.
It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.
(五)since
当since用来引导时间状语从句时,意思是“自从.以来”,其往往被当作是主句谓语动词要采用完成时的标志性时间状语。如:
Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.
Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.
(六)by、by the time和by the end of
这组结构都表示“到.时候为止”,其主句谓语动词一般都要采用完成时。需要注意的是,这些结构后面所接的时间不同,主句谓语动词就要采用不同的完成时态。
1、后接将来时间
这时,主句谓语动词一般要采用将来完成时或将来完成进行时。如:
He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.
She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.
They will have already left by the time she comes.
2、后接过去时间
这时,主句谓语动词一般要采用过去完成时。如:
They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.
The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.
We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.
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