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What is modern art?

什么是现代艺术？

Not to be confused with contemporary art, the label of "modern art" refers to the art in the late 19th century and the early to middle 20th century. The works created in this period show the artist's interest in re-imagining, reinterpreting and even rejecting the traditional aesthetic value of the previous style.

不要和当代艺术混淆，“现代艺术”这个标签指的是19世纪末和20世纪初至中期的艺术。这一时期创作的作品，表现出艺术家对以往风格的传统审美价值进行重新想象、重新诠释甚至拒绝的兴趣。

Major Movements and Artists

主要运动和艺术家

Starting with light and airy Impressionism and ending with energetic Abstract Expressionism, the modern art genre is composed of several major movements.

从活跃的印象主义到充满活力的抽象表现主义，现代艺术流派由几个主要运动组成。

IMPRESSIONISM

印象派

Widely considered the catalyst for modern art, Impressionism challenged the rigid rules and realistic depictions of academic painting. The movement emerged in 1872, when Claude Monet innovatively employed blurred brushstrokes, a focus on light, and a vivid color palette to paint Impression, Sunrise.

印象主义被广泛认为是现代艺术的催化剂，它挑战了学院派绘画的刻板规则和写实描绘。这个运动出现在1872年，

当时，克劳德莫奈创造性地使用模糊的笔触，注意光线和生动的调色板来绘制作品《日出印象》。

This style dominated French painting until the turn of the century, with Impressionist artists like Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Edgar Degas at the forefront.

这种风格一直主导着法国绘画，直到本世纪初，印象派艺术家如莫奈、皮埃尔奥古斯特雷诺阿和埃德加德加都走在了前列。

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

后印象主义

Inspired by the artistic freedom introduced by impressionist painters, artists like Paul Czanne, paul gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh and Henri Toulouse Lautrec began to create in a unique and unconventional style. Known as post-impressionism, this colorful movement began in the 1890 s, showing interest in emotion and preference for subjective interpretation rather than realistic expression.

受印象主义带来的艺术自由的启发，保罗塞尚、保罗高更、文森特梵高和亨利图卢兹劳特雷克等艺术家开始以独特的非传统风格进行创作。这场多彩的运动，被称为后印象主义，开始于19世纪90年代。

它表现了人们对情感的兴趣和对主观阐释的偏好，而不是对现实表现的偏好。

FAUVISM

野兽派

Founded by Fauvism, an avant-garde artist group including Andre Deland and henri matisse, Fauvism first appeared in the early 20th century. Like post-impressionism, Fauvism likes unrealistic colors and emphasizes personal perception in their descriptions, which is usually characterized by recognizable (but somewhat abstract) forms.

野兽派，由包括安德烈德兰和亨利马蒂斯在内的先锋派艺术家组成，最早出现在20世纪初。与后印象主义一样，野兽派喜欢不切实际的色彩，并在他们的描述中强调个人的感知，这通常表现为可识别的(但有些抽象的)形式。

EXPRESSIONISM

表现主义

Shortly before World War I, painters in Germany and Austria began to take an experimental approach to their practice. Eventually known as Expressionists, these artists adopted and adapted the unprecedented characteristics of other modern movements. Like Post-Impressionist and Fauvist works of art, pieces rendered in the Expressionist style convey a fascination with bright, artificial color and individualistic iconography.

第一次世界大战前不久，德国和奥地利的画家开始用实验的方法进行实践。这些艺术家最终被称为表现主义者，他们采用和改编了其他现代运动前所未有的特点。像后印象派和野兽派的艺术作品一样，

表现主义风格的作品传达了一种对明亮的人工色彩和个性化图像的迷恋。

CUBISM

立体派

Cubism is characterized by deconstruction and division, which marks the transformation from modern art to abstract art. The avant-garde movement, initiated by georges braque and Pablo Picasso in 1907, is embodied in upside-down paintings, multi-dimensional sculptures and cutting-edge collages. Like other modern art movements, cubism emphasizes subjective creative methods. "When we discovered cubism," Picasso explained, "we didn't find the purpose of cubism. We just want to express our inner thoughts. "

立体主义以解构和断裂为特征，标志着现代艺术向抽象的转变。先锋派运动由乔治布拉克(georges braque)和巴勃罗毕加索(Pablo Picasso)于1907年发起，以倒挂绘画、多维雕塑和尖端拼贴的形式出现。像其他现代艺术运动一样，

立体主义强调主观的创作方法。“当我们发现立体主义时，”毕加索解释道，“我们没有发现立体主义的目的。我们只是想表达心中所想。”

SURREALISM

萨里姆

In the 1920s, visual artists Salvador Dal, max ernst, man ray, Joan Mir and yves tanguy founded surrealism, a movement rooted in the subconscious. Lack of "any rational control, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern" (Andr Breton, Surrealism Declaration), this genre reached its peak in a series of fantastic descriptions directly from the artist's imagination.

20世纪20年代，视觉艺术家萨尔瓦多达利、马克斯恩斯特、曼利、琼米罗和伊夫坦吉走到一起，创立了植根于潜意识的超现实主义运动。由于缺乏“任何理性的控制”，

不受任何美学或道德问题的影响”(安德烈布勒东，《超现实主义宣言》)，这种体裁最终直接从艺术家的想象中形成了一系列荒诞的描述。

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

抽象表现主义

In the middle of the 20th century, an innovative group of artists forewent figurative styles of painting for an original, abstract aesthetic. Known as Abstract Expressionists, these painters placed artistic emphasis not only on modernist characteristics like color, composition, and emotion but on the creative process itself.

20世纪中期，一群创新的艺术家为一种原始的抽象美学创造了具象绘画风格。这些被称为抽象表现主义的画家不仅注重色彩、构图、情感等现代主义特征，还注重创作过程本身。

Modern Art vs. Contemporary Art

现代艺术和当代艺术

Due to the experimental nature and overlapping themes of both modern and contemporary art, the genres are often confused for one another. However, once one recognizes the movements that compose each, the ambiguous, blurred line that differentiates them becomes clearer.

现代艺术和当代艺术由于其实验性质和主题重叠而经常被混淆。然而，一旦人们确定了构成每一种艺术的流派，区分它们的模糊界限就会变得更加清晰。

Typically, modern art is understood to include Impressionism, Abstract Expressionism, and the styles in between. Therefore, contemporary art commences with the first major movement following modernism - Pop Art - and, of course, continues today.

一般来说，现代艺术被理解为包括印象主义、抽象表现主义以及介于两者之间的风格。所以当代艺术是从现代主义之后的第一次大运动开始的，——波普艺术——。当然延续至今。

【Source】www.mymodernmet.com

[Translated from] Spark Liao (Liao Huaibao)

[Illustration] From ice

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