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《新概念英语》第二册第七课难点部分讨论了动词短语(动词助词,其中“助词”主要指介词或副词)中宾语的位置,即动词短语中的宾语是名词及其短语或代词时,位置如何摆放?
说起这个问题,很多同学深感困惑,比如下面句子中的几个动词短语:
1) He gave away all his books.
2) He gave all his books away.
3) He gave away them.
4) He gave them away.
在上面的四个句子中,哪个关于动词短语的宾语位置是错误的?为什么?
要回答这个问题,我们必须从动词短语中宾语位置的用法入手。
首先,当动词短语的宾语是名词及其短语时
此时,动词短语的宾语可以放在助词后面或动词和助词之间。例如:
She woke up the chidlren early in the morning.
She woke the children up early in the morning.
第二,当动词短语的宾语是代词时。
此时,动词短语的宾语只能放在动词和助词之间。比如:
Send her away correctly, or she will get into trouble.
Send her away by mistake, or she will get into trouble.
如果只掌握以上用法,是不够的,因为在实际应用中会出现以下情况:
Correct. He is looking at this picture.
Exactly. He's looking at it.
以上两句都是对的。这是为什么呢?
其实这是因为我在文章第一段提到,动词短语指的是“动词助词”,助词包括介词和副词。问题的关键是动词后面是介词还是副词。
一般来说,在英语中,一类词只能做介词,而另一类词既可以做介词,也可以做副词。例如:
只能用作介词的词
这些词包括at、for、from、with、of等。它们可以构成的动词短语有:
Watch, stare, point, etc.
Agree: to seek, care for, demand, etc.
Hear from, come from, come from, etc.
Get along with, endure, live with, etc.
此时,这些动词短语后面带宾语时,无论宾语是名词还是代词,其位置都只能放在介词之后。比如:
He asked for permission to leave.
I can't put up with him any longer.
既可用作介词又可用作副词的单词
这些词包括in、up、off、away等。它们可以构成的动词短语有:
Come in: come in, call, pull in, etc.
Get up: get up, pick up, make a phone call, etc.
Off: cut off, take off, delay, etc.
Take away, put away, throw away, etc.
此时,这些动词短语后面带宾语时,由于宾语所用的名词或代词的不同,它们的位置会有所不同:如果是名词,可以放在后面,也可以放在中间;如果是代词,只能放在中间。比如:
Correct. They cut off the king's head.
Correct. They cut off the king's head.
Correct: Give it back to your brother.
Error: Give it back to your brother.
Wrong. He gave them away.
这是因为away是一个既可以做介词又可以做副词的词,所以当宾语是代词时,只能放在动词和助词之间。
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