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The Elements of Plays

戏剧元素

A typical play contains the following elements: acts and scenes, characters, dialogue, plot, setting, and stage directions.

一部典型的戏剧包含以下要素：幕布和场景、人物、对话、情节、场景和舞台说明。

Acts and Scenes

戏剧和场景

Playwrights divide the plot of their plays into larger parts, called acts, and separate individual acts into smaller parts, called scenes. Each scene is essentially an episode, presenting a critical moment in the development of the plot or characters. Some plays-such as samuel beckett's The Endgame and arthur miller's Memory of Two Mondays-are one-act plays, and all the plays are unfolded in one scene; The playwright may or may not divide them into smaller scenes.

剧作家将他们戏剧中的表演分解成更大的部分，这些部分被称为戏剧场景；将每个场景分成更小的部分，这些部分称为场景。每个场景本质上都是一个插曲，呈现了情节或人物发展的关键时刻。

有些剧——，比如塞缪尔贝克特的《终局》，阿瑟米勒的《两个星期一的记忆》 ——，都是独幕剧，都是一场演出。剧作家可能会也可能不会把它们分成更小的场景。

Characters

数字

The characters are the people whom the play is about, with the dramatic action resulting from their choices, behaviors, and relationships. Characters are central to the plot of any play because, without them, the playwright cannot tell the story. Most often, characters are their own unique identities, but, in some cases, they might be allegories or archetypes; examples of the latter include the characters in Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe and in The Skin of Our Teeth by Thornton Wilder.

人物就是剧中的人物，他们的选择、行为、关系都产生了戏剧性的表现。人物是任何戏剧情节的核心，因为没有人物，剧作家就讲不出故事。在大多数情况下，角色是他们自己唯一的身份，但在某些情况下，

它们可能是寓言或原型；后者的例子有克里斯托弗马洛的《浮士德医生》和桑顿怀尔德的《九死一生》。

Dialogue

会话

In any drama, dialogue is as important as the role, because it pushes the plot forward and tells the audience what happened on the stage, who the role is and their relationship. The dialogue contains all the spoken parts of the play. This is manifested as a dialogue between characters or a narration to the audience. Ancient and classical playwrights often write dialogues in verse, but this is largely out of date. Modern dialogues and languages have replaced more formal rhythms and structures.

在任何一部戏剧中，对话都和角色一样重要，因为它推动表演向前发展，告诉观众舞台上发生了什么，角色是谁，以及他们之间的关系。对话包含了剧中所有的口头表演，主要是以人物之间的对话或者向观众叙述的形式。

古代和古典的剧作家经常用诗歌来写对话，但这在很大程度上已经过时了。现代对话和语言已经取代了更正式的节奏和结构。

Some plays consist only of monologues, dialogue spoken by one character at a time, usually directly to the audience. For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When the Rainbow Is Enuf by Ntozake Shange and The Vagina Monologues by Eve Ensler are two popular examples. A one-person show or solo performance is a play-length monologue delivered by one performer; they may play one character or multiple characters. Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 by Anna Deavere Smith and God Said Ha! by Julia Sweeney are both one-person shows.

有些剧只有独白，一个角色一次说出对白，一般是直接对着观众。尼托扎克尚吉的《考虑过自杀的有色人种女孩/当彩虹升起时》和伊娃恩斯特的《阴道独白》是两个流行的例子。

独唱表演或独唱表演是由表演者表演的戏剧式的长篇独白；他们可以扮演一个或多个角色。安娜杜威雷史密斯的《暮光之城：洛杉矶，1992》和朱莉娅斯威尼的《上帝说哈！》都是个人表演。

Plot

情节

Plot is a series of events that link stories together and present them in a coherent and eye-catching way. The plot consists of five elements: an introduction to the characters and background; Ascending action; Climax scene; Falling action; And a resolution. Many plays use this method to tell a linear story, although some-especially those with more experimental nature-may jump in time and deliberately change the audience's sense of reality; John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation is an example of the latter.

情节是一系列事件，这些事件将故事联系起来，并以连贯而引人入胜的方式呈现出来。情节由五个基本要素组成：对人物和场景的介绍；预热剧情；涨潮；结局剧情；结局。很多剧都是用这种方式来讲线性故事。

虽然有些剧——，尤其是实验性比较强的，可能会随着时间的推移而跳跃，刻意改变观众的真实感；约翰瓜尔的《六度分离》就是后者的一个例子。

Setting

事件

The background is where the drama takes place. Background can refer to the geographical area (city, state, country) and the exact location of the action in a given scene (a specific room, office, public space such as park or beach in a house). For many playwrights, setting is so crucial that it almost becomes another role in the play; For example, look at the United States south of Tennessee Williams, Eugene O 'Neill's New England and neil simon's New York State.

场景是戏剧动作发生的地方。场景可以指地理区域(城市、州、国家)或特定场景中表演的确切位置(房子中的特定房间、办公室、公园或海滩等)。).对于许多剧作家来说，场景是非常重要的。

几乎成了剧中的另一个角色；例如，田纳西威廉姆斯的《南美洲》,尤金奥尼尔的《新英格兰》和尼尔西蒙的《纽约》。

Stage Directions

舞台指示

The stage description is the only other text that appears in the script. They don't talk; On the contrary, their role is to provide guidance to actors, directors and other creative workers. They specify when characters enter and exit the scene; How should actors speak or react to certain lines? What the set should look like; As well as any supplementary information that enhances the gaming experience, such as the specific music selection, the type of lighting to be used, and the sound effects to be used. Some playwrights, such as william shakespeare, include the least stage directors, while others, such as samuel beckett, are notorious for strictly following their definition of meticulous stage directors.

阶段说明是脚本中出现的唯一其他文本。它们不是演员说的；相反，他们的角色是指导演员、导演和其他创作人员创作这部剧。

它们指定角色何时进入和离开场景；演员应该如何说话或回应某些台词；布景应该是什么样子；以及任何增强戏剧体验的补充信息，例如具体的音乐选择、要使用的灯光类型和要使用的音效。一些剧作家，如威廉莎士比亚，

使用最少的舞台指示，而其他剧作家，如塞缪尔贝克特，以要求他们的作品严格遵循他们定义的详细舞台指示而闻名。

【Source】www.supersummary.com

[Translated from] Spark Liao (Liao Huaibao)

[Illustration] From ice

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