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Snails: How are They Farmed, Cooked, Eaten, and More

蜗牛：如何繁殖、烹饪、食用等。

What are snails?

蜗牛是什么？

Snails are an important part of local dishes in France (called snails in France) and India. They are also part of the typical dishes of Greece, Cyprus, Malta and some North African countries.

蜗牛是法国(法国称之为蜗牛)和印度当地菜肴的重要组成部分。它们也是希腊、塞浦路斯、马耳他和一些北非国家典型菜肴的一部分。

In these countries, snail is usually a luxurious appetizer or main course, and it is also a landmark dish in French cuisine. Large land snails, such as spiral snails, are usually used in snail dishes.

在这些国家，蜗牛通常是奢华的开胃菜或主菜，也是法国菜中的招牌菜。螺蛳——等大型陆螺3354通常是螺蛳菜使用的类型。

You can buy snails fresh from the seafood counter, buy them canned, or find snails in the frozen food section of your local grocery store.

你可以从海鲜柜台、蜗牛罐头或者当地杂货店的冷冻食品区买到新鲜的蜗牛。

Where do snails originate from?

蜗牛从哪里来？

Humans have used many species of snail as food since prehistoric times, evidenced by the roasted shells of land snails found in multiple archeological excavations in the Middle East and Europe. Edible snails were considered a delicacy and an elite food by the ancient Romans.

自史前时代起，人类就已经将多种蜗牛作为食物，在中东和欧洲的许多考古发掘中发现的烤蜗牛壳就是明证。古罗马人认为吃蜗牛是一种美味。

Snails came to the U.S. in the 1850s through immigrants who were from France and trying to reproduce their native dish. Soon, snails became a featured item in luxury dining, and by the 1980s, edible snails were a $300 million business in the U.S.

How are snails harvested?

蜗牛是怎么收获的？

Outside of the snail farming industry, helix aspersa, helix locurum, and helix pomatia snails are all found naturally in Europe and can be wild-caught. Whether wild-caught or farm-raised, snail production is very labor-intensive which is reflected in the high price tag of this delicacy.

除了养殖蜗牛，还有螺旋纹蜗牛、螺旋纹蜗牛、螺旋纹马蒂亚蜗牛等，在欧洲自然也有，在野外也可以捕捉到。无论是野生捕捉还是农场养殖，蜗牛的生产都是非常劳动密集型的，体现在这种美味的价格很高。

How are wild-caught edible snails harvested?

野生食用蜗牛是如何收获的？

During the autumn and early winter seasons, in the wilderness of Eastern France, snails are collected by escargot harvesters usually after heavy rains, which is when these little creatures are more active. Each snail from this region is wild-caught, put into baskets, and taken to processing plants.

在秋季和初冬，法国东部的荒野中通常会在大雨后由蜗牛收割机收集蜗牛，这是这些小生物比较活跃的时候。这个地区的每一只蜗牛都是在野外抓来的，放进篮子里，送到加工厂。

At the processing plants, the snails are species separated, then starved and refrigerated until they fall into hibernation. They are then inspected, washed, scalded, and pulled out of their shells, and the meat is flash-boiled.

在加工厂，蜗牛被分成不同的种类，然后饥饿冷藏，直到进入冬眠。之后，它们被检查、清洗、焯烫并从壳中取出，然后肉被快速煮熟。

Then determine the size of the snail according to the use of the snail product. Some snails are put into pies, appetizers or preserves. Large and oversized snail meat is cooked and canned in broth, and smaller snail meat is usually shelled again with garlic butter paste.

然后根据蜗牛将被用于哪些蜗牛产品来对它们进行分类。有些蜗牛会被做成馅饼、开胃菜或蜜饯。大的和特大的蜗牛肉在肉汤中煮熟并罐装，较小的蜗牛肉通常用大蒜黄油酱处理，然后放回壳中。

How are farmed edible snails harvested?

养殖食用蜗牛是如何收获的？

Snail farms grow and raise their snails in artificial ecosystems. A snail farmer needs enough space to keep 20 snails per square inch. They need to be fed well, have calcium added to their feed, and kept in a moist and humid environment. The right equipment is also needed to regulate feed and water, control the climate, and measure temperature and humidity.

蜗牛养殖场在人工生态系统中繁殖蜗牛。养蜗牛的农民需要足够的空间来饲养每平方英寸20只蜗牛。他们需要良好的喂养，在饲料中添加钙，并保持在潮湿的环境中。还需要合适的设备来调节饲料和水，控制气候，

测量温度和湿度。

Because the snail's weight fluctuates greatly, its growth is measured by the size of its shell. Snail farmers select the fastest-maturing and largest snails as their breeding animals.

因为蜗牛的体重波动很大，所以它的生长过程是以壳的大小来衡量的。蜗牛农民然后选择和保存最快成熟和最大的蜗牛作为繁殖种群。

Before preparing snails for eating, farmers feed them to clear out grit, then starve them, so their digestive systems are empty - this is known as purging. Then they are removed from their shells and cooked in either broth, wine, or garlic butter.

在准备吃蜗牛之前，农民会喂它们清除沙砾，然后让它们挨饿，清空它们的消化系统。这叫清肠。然后把它们从壳里拿出来，放在肉汤、葡萄酒或蒜泥里煮。

The snails are then either placed back in the shells with the butter paste or placed in special, indented snail bowls for individual snail servings.

然后，用黄油酱将蜗牛放回壳中，或者放入特制的锯齿状蜗牛碗中，供个人食用。

What are the different varieties of snails?

蜗牛有哪些不同的品种？

There are over 40,000 different species of land, sea, and freshwater snails categorized. Of these, only a few are actually eaten.

有超过40，000种陆地、海洋和淡水蜗牛。这些品种中只有少数被食用。

The most popular snail is the Burgundy snail (Helix pomatia), which is called "land lobster" because of its excellent flavor and texture. It is also the most commonly used edible snail.

最受欢迎的蜗牛是勃艮第蜗牛，因其味道和质地极佳，被称为“陆地龙虾”。也是最常用的食用蜗牛。

There are 3 main species of helix snails that are edible or used in most snail dishes and products:

螺蛳主要有三种类型，可以在大多数螺蛳菜肴和产品中食用或使用：

Roman snail or hamburger snail Roman or Burgundy snail

Garden snail garden snail

European snail European snail

How are fresh snails served or eaten?

新鲜的蜗牛是怎么做的或者怎么吃的？

Snails feature widely in European cuisine and are especially common in France. They are usually an entree or served as an appetizer, and your best chance of finding somewhere that serves snails is trying a high-end or specialty French restaurant.

蜗牛在欧洲菜肴中很受欢迎，尤其是在法国。它们通常是主菜或开胃菜，你找到供应蜗牛的最好机会是去一家高端或特别的法国餐厅。

Traditionally, snails are cooked in the French way. The shells are baked and parsley and garlic are added. Snails are similar in taste and texture to mussels, but more chewy. Snails will also show the taste when they are cooked, which is why fresh garlic snails are so respected among gourmets.

传统上，蜗牛用法国烹饪，在壳中烘烤，然后用欧芹和大蒜黄油烹饪。蜗牛的味道和质地与贻贝相似，但更耐嚼。蜗牛还会吸收任何烹饪调料的味道，这也是鲜蒜黄油蜗牛备受美食家推崇的原因。

Other snail products include snail broth or snail soup and dried snail crackers or noodles.

其他蜗牛产品包括蜗牛炖肉或蜗牛汤以及干蜗牛饼干或面条。

Outside of Europe, other cuisines have their own way of serving this delicious mollusk as a dish:

在欧洲之外，其他美食也有自己的方式将这种美味的软体动物作为一道菜：

In Indonesia, snails are fried into satay, a dish called "satay kakul".

在印度尼西亚，蜗牛被炒成沙爹，一道叫做“沙爹kakul”的菜。

In Greece, when cooking Cretan cuisine, snails are boiled in white wine with bay leaves, celery, and shallots. Then the snails are coated with flour and fried in rosemary and vinegar.

在希腊，烹饪克里特岛菜肴时，蜗牛会与月桂叶、芹菜和葱一起放在白酒中烹制。然后把蜗牛裹在面粉里，放在迷迭香和醋里炸。

In Nagaland, India, freshwater snails are made of soybeans and pork, and then cooked in broth with herbs. This dish is called "hamok" locally.

在印度那加兰邦，淡水蜗牛是用轴突(大豆)和猪肉做成的，然后在肉汤里和香草一起煮。在当地，这道菜被称为“hamok”。

In Moroccan cooking, snails are cooked with spices and herbs in hot water in a jar. This dish is a very popular street food called "Ghlal".

在摩洛哥的烹饪中，蜗牛与香料和香草一起放在罐子里的热水中烹制。这道菜是一种非常受欢迎的街头食物，叫做“Ghlal”。

What should I look for when buying snails at the grocery store?

在杂货店买蜗牛应该看什么？

You will find fresh snails in the seafood section of the grocery store.

你会在杂货店的海鲜区找到新鲜的蜗牛。

When shopping for fresh snails, ask at your fresh seafood counter for snails that have already been cultivated for sale, i.e. snails that are at least a week from the water.

在购买新鲜蜗牛时，请在您的新鲜海鲜柜台询问已经培养待售的蜗牛，即离水至少一周的蜗牛。

Snails can also be bought pre-cooked and canned for convenience, or you can also buy them frozen.

为了方便，蜗牛也可以买预制的和罐装的，或者你也可以买冷冻的。

How to store snails

如何储存蜗牛

Once you have bought them, keep fresh snails refrigerated between 2C to 6C for around 2 days. Generally, it is recommended to use fresh snails as soon as you can. As snails can carry parasites and other pathogens, it is best to keep snails separate from other food items.

购买后，将新鲜蜗牛冷藏在2C至6C之间约2天。一般来说，建议尽快使用新鲜的蜗牛。由于蜗牛会携带寄生虫和其他病原体，最好将蜗牛与其他食物分开。

Although snails can be frozen, freezing any kind of shelled fish or mollusk can lead to a deterioration in flavor.

虽然蜗牛可以冷冻，但冷冻任何一种有壳的鱼或软体动物都会导致味道变差。

Canned, pre-cooked snails are sold in a preserve or broth, so it is best to follow the manufacturer’s storage instructions.

预先煮熟的蜗牛罐头装在保鲜膜或肉汤中出售，因此最好遵循制造商的储存说明。

【Source】www.instacart.com

【Translated by】Spark Liao (廖怀宝)

【Illustration】From Bing

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